Wood is a popular and versatile material used in various aspects of construction and interior design. However, one common issue that wood faces is the growth of mold. Mold not only...Vinegar – Mix vinegar and water into a spray bottle. Spray the solution on the surface ridden with mold. Let the vinegar and water sit for an hour. Wipe away the mold with a wet sponge. The sponges and cloths used to clean the green mold serve as moisture-rich, nourishing hosts.Mold is commonly found on concrete basement floors. Typically, you’ll see a fuzzy, white mold growing on the surface of your concrete due to moisture rising from the wet ground. Most times, the mold grows after prolonged dampness or flooding. You can easily identify it by its characteristic white cottony mycelium.Jan 28, 2018 · The borax will prevent the mold from returning and inhibit the growth of new mold spores. *If you prefer, the borax and water solution can be poured into a glass spray bottle. Or, to avoid supplying excess moisture to the more porous materials affected by mold, such as dry wall or unfinished wood, a paste can be made by adding less water to the ... Feb 22, 2008 ... It's worthwhile to go back a few years in the American Woodturner, where Sara Robinson recommends that you can kill any mold on wood with a ...Scrub Mold Off the Surface with Soap And Water. Combine water with a couple of drops of dish soap in a spray bottle, spray the affected wood, and let it sit for a few minutes before wiping it clean. Scrub if you need to. Remove as much mold as possible before moving to the next step.First, remove loose debris from the deck surface to address this issue. Next, create a cleaning solution by mixing water, white vinegar, or a commercial mold remover. Apply the solution to the affected areas and scrub with a stiff brush. Finally, rinse the deck with clean water and let it dry completely.Vinegar must have an acetic acid level of 4.0%−4.2% or higher to kill mold or mildew. Distilled white vinegar in the condiment aisle contains around 5% acetic acid and 95% water. Cleaning vinegar contains about 6% acetic acid. While vinegar will kill the mold, it is slow acting, and the discoloration and stains from the mold may remain and ...To remove a growth from vinyl flooring, mix 2 tablespoons of bleach into one quart of warm water in a spray bottle. Shake well. Apply it to the moldy surface on the vinyl flooring. With gloves and mask on, you will want to dip a scrub brush into the solution to scrub away the surface mold on the vinyl area.Kill mold with bleach by mixing 1 cup of bleach with 1 gallon of water and spraying the mixture to the surface with mold. After an hour, scrub and rinse the surface before drying it up. ... Bleach is not effective against porous surfaces such as wood, drywall or concrete. Mold will spread its roots into porous materials and bleach with thus ...Vinegar – Mix vinegar and water into a spray bottle. Spray the solution on the surface ridden with mold. Let the vinegar and water sit for an hour. Wipe away the mold with a wet sponge. The sponges and cloths used to clean the green mold serve as moisture-rich, nourishing hosts.For safe, effective mold removal at home, combine the antimicrobial power of distilled white vinegar and the abrasive properties of baking soda. When acidic vinegar and alkaline baking soda interact, they produce bubbles that lift mold off surfaces. 4. Smear the paste onto the mold and let it dry for 1 hour.Jan 21, 2024 ... Mix a Cleaning Solution. To clean mold from porous surfaces like wood and drywall (including ceilings), mix one part dishwashing liquid, 10 ...Sep 30, 2023 · Tools Required in Removing Wood Mold. N95 or N100 air mask; Safety goggles; Rubber gloves; Overalls; Vacuum cleaner; Soft brush; Spray bottle; Sponge; 100-grit sandpaper; Soft cloth; Mold Treatment for Wood: Wood Mold Cleaner Options. There are many ways of getting rid of wood mold, including natural and chemical agents. Spraying gently on the surface might kill back the fungus for a time but without taking a mechanical-removal step that leaves unsightly fruiting body growth on the walls and may not reach the mycelia behind the siding. ... Research on Preventing Mold on Wood Shingles, Clapboards, Exterior Trim. Dwyer, Jack, Tony Bonura, ...Vinegar can kill black mold and is best used on nonporous surfaces. White vinegar is a powerhouse for cleaning, deodorizing, and disinfecting around the house. It can also kill black mold, a mold ...Apply a vinegar and water solution. Mix ¼ cup of distilled white vinegar with 1 cup of water in a spray bottle. Spray the mold and cover the area with paper towels. Vinegar kills fungus, is an anti-deodorant and is safe to use.Using White Distilled Vinegar to Kill Mold White vinegar is most commonly found with 5% acidity and works best undiluted, so don’t worry about mixing it with water first. However, because it is a mild acid, avoid using vinegar on aluminum, cast iron, waxed wood, or natural stone, as it may damage or cause etching in the finish.May 14, 2021 · But if you want an eco friendy and effective way of eliminating black mold on wood you may want to try using vinegar. But will vinegar kill black mold on wood? Yes, it will. The most preferred one is the distilled white vinegar which can kill more than 80% of the mold species. To achieve the best result, please combine equal portions of warm ... Kill Mold with White Vinegar or Hydrogen Peroxide. You can use white distilled vinegar or hydrogen peroxide to kill mold spores, which will prevent mold from …There are a few things that you can use to kill mold instantly on wood. One of the best things that you can use is bleach. Bleach will kill mold quickly and it will also disinfect the area. You can also use vinegar to kill mold. Vinegar is a natural disinfectant and it’s very effective at killing mold. However, it’s important to dilute the ...Aug 14, 2023 · Zinsser Mold Killing Primer is an EPA registered product that's designed to kill mold on sealed, non-porous surfaces. We cannot guarantee the same performance on porous surfaces, such as bare wood, as the primer needs to reach the mold to be effective, and the mold may exist too deep within the substrate. Step-by-Step Instructions for Killing Mold on Wood with Natural Products. Mold growth on wood surfaces in the home can be worrisome, but there are a few simple and natural methods of killing this fungus and restoring the appearance of wooden surfaces. With some basic cleaning supplies and just a few steps, you can move mold away from your ...Oct 9, 2023 ... Distilled white vinegar is effective in removing mould from wooden furniture because it contains acetic acid, which has antimicrobial properties ...List of what you need before you paint over mold. Safety first: 3M’s full face respirator mold remediation kit which you see just below…or use the painter’s workhorse respirator discussed in this post. Mold killing primer by Zinsser This company has been making primers since companies started making primers.; Mold resistant paint: Rust …Allow for the vinegar to soak into the studs 45 minutes to an hour. Use the stainless-steel scrub sponge to scrub the wood clean. Use paper towels to dry the studs and clean off the remaining detergent. Apply the Lysol wipes to the wood studs to disinfect the wood. Use the paper towels again to dry the wood off.Add full-strength white distilled vinegar to a spray bottle and spray it on the mold. Let it sit for at least an hour before wiping away mold. If you need follow-up scrubbing, combine one teaspoon baking soda … ‘Let those sit and soak into the wood for at least 24 hours to kill any remaining mold spores and then repaint or restain the deck to its original color.’ 3. Use an antimicrobial There are a few things that you can use to kill mold instantly on wood. One of the best things that you can use is bleach. Bleach will kill mold quickly and it will also disinfect the area. You can also use vinegar to kill mold. Vinegar is a natural disinfectant and it’s very effective at killing mold. However, it’s important to dilute the ...hydrogen peroxide (3%) Wear your protective gear (respirator and gloves), and soak an old sponge in your cleanser. Apply it directly to the moldy surface, and let the wood soak up the solution. Apply a generous amount of cleanser, but not so much that it’s dripping from the ceiling. Emily Fazio. Next, use a scrubber to agitate the surface.There is no exact temperature documented to kill mold and its spores. In fact, there are conflicting reports as to whether heated air or freezing air even kills mold. According to ...Step 1: Prepare the Room. Use a plastic drop cloth to cover the doorway to the room. This prevents mold spores from spreading to other rooms of your home. Open all windows and use a box fan to direct the flow of air outside. Remove or cover couches, rugs, chairs and other fabric or upholstered items.However, if the mold damage is severe or has penetrated the wood, it is essential to seek professional mold removal services. Remember, timely intervention is ...Distilled White Vinegar. Many household cleaners that are good at killing mold (like bleach) will also cause damage to wood that we want to avoid. Distilled white vinegar is one of the best options for a non-corrosive option that will remove black mold from wood effectively.When used properly, Lysol can kill mold on hard surfaces, leaving them clean and free of potentially harmful spores. Limitations of Lysol on Porous Surfaces. While Lysol is effective in killing mold on non-porous surfaces, it struggles to penetrate porous materials, such as wood, drywall, and fabrics.Dilute one cup of bleach in one gallon of water and apply the solution directly to the mold. Let it sit for a few minutes, then scrub the mold away with a brush. Avoid using bleach on porous surfaces such as wood or drywall. Never mix it with ammonia or other household cleaners. A gallon of bleach costs around $5.You can scrub the mold away using dish soap, warm water and a scrubbing brush such as the Amazer Scrub Brush ($7.99, Amazon ), then rinse and dry afterwards …For items that can't be wiped down or are too fragile, like interior book pages, place them outside in direct sunlight for an hour—the UV rays will kill the mold (just …It has the most impact and kills around 80% of mold species. An 80% kill rate is the best you can get with vinegar. The choice of white distilled vinegar for mold removal doesn’t negate the other types as being ineffective. The use of other vinegar types might give results but won’t be as good as those obtained by white distilled vinegar use.Nov 21, 2019 · Vinegar. Place undiluted white vinegar in a spray bottle. Apply to the mold and allow to sit for 1 hour. Wipe the surface and allow to air dry. Baking soda. Combine 2 tbsp. baking soda with 2 cups ... 8. If possible, vacuum over the subfloor with a vacuum cleaner. This will remove most of the dead mold. Or, make a new borax solution and wipe over the floor, again and again, using a disposable cloth. We’ve written a review on the best vacuum cleaner, do check it out and make your choice.Instructions. Pour the vinegar into a spray bottle. Spray the moldy areas liberally with the vinegar. Make sure it really soaks in. Use a scrub brush to scrub the mold. Let the wood completely air dry after the mold has been removed. Repeat as necessary.Using White Distilled Vinegar to Kill Mold White vinegar is most commonly found with 5% acidity and works best undiluted, so don’t worry about mixing it with water first. However, because it is a mild acid, avoid using vinegar on aluminum, cast iron, waxed wood, or natural stone, as it may damage or cause etching in the finish.Use Chlorine Bleach for Tough Mold Stains. If the mold is extremely heavy and has left stains after using vinegar, it's time for a stronger solution. This solution should also be used on areas of …Feb 10, 2020 ... For that, go with a diluted bleach solution. However, it is difficult to kill or remove the mold from beneath the surface of the wood. To make a ...Step 2: Kill and Clean The Mold. The first step is to kill the mold and clean the surface. This is most commonly done by washing the area with bleach and water mixture. Mix 3 parts water to 1 part bleach. The bleach mixture will kill the surface mold and help remove the stain color from your walls.Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful disinfectant that can effectively kill mold and mildew. It’s particularly useful for porous surfaces like wood and fabrics. Follow these steps to use it: – Pour 3% hydrogen peroxide into a spray bottle. – Spray the affected area and let it sit for 10-15 minutes.Mar 22, 2022 · Instructions. Pour the vinegar into a spray bottle. Spray the moldy areas liberally with the vinegar. Make sure it really soaks in. Use a scrub brush to scrub the mold. Let the wood completely air dry after the mold has been removed. Repeat as necessary. Step 2: Prepare the Area. Identify the moldy area and brush or sweep away loose debris. Bag this and dispose of it. Then vacuum the same area, preferably with a HEPA vacuum cleaner. If you need to set …hydrogen peroxide (3%) Wear your protective gear (respirator and gloves), and soak an old sponge in your cleanser. Apply it directly to the moldy surface, and let the wood soak up the solution. Apply a generous amount of cleanser, but not so much that it’s dripping from the ceiling. Emily Fazio. Next, use a scrubber to agitate the surface.If it's sturdy enough, you can use your pressure washer (if you have it) to remove the mold. Use the highest angle for the spray nozzle, as this isn't as harsh ...Removes musty odors and stains. Inexpensive and readily available. Can be used with water, hydrogen peroxide or baking soda. To kill mold with vinegar, use white distilled vinegar or cleaning vinegar with 5-20% acetic acid. A 50/50 mixture of vinegar and water can be used to wipe down hard surfaces. When it comes to mold inhibition on wood via sterilization, inhibitors target microbial individuals vital to the regular physiological interaction of mold and wood and fungal molecules. By killing these microbial individuals, the ability of mold to thrive is eliminated. Inhibitors Can kill mold. As shown above, the primary function of mold ... Spray undiluted white vinegar on the moldy surface and let it sit for an hour. Rinely thoroughly and allow the area to dry. Baking Soda: Add a quarter of a tablespoon of baking soda to a spray bottle of water. Shake the bottle to dissolve the baking soda, then spray the moldy area. These solutions work best when you use them in conjunction with pressure washing your fence. One solution involves adding 1/2 a cup of vinegar per gallon of water. You’d apply the solution, let it sit for 15 minutes, and then rinse it off. Baking soda is also effective as a pre-soak. Another solution would be to add 1/4 cup bleach and 1/4 cup ...Use a paste of oxygen bleach and water to scrub away mildew. Rent a pressure washer to scour mildew from your deck. Use a commercial moss, mildew, mold, and algae remover. Make a cleaning solution from water and laundry detergent. Use trisodium phosphate mixed with water to create a powerful mildew-killing scrub.Homes often have at least a few types of molding, usually along baseboards or around windows and doors. Some trims can be decorative, adding pleasing architectural elements to indo...First, remove loose debris from the deck surface to address this issue. Next, create a cleaning solution by mixing water, white vinegar, or a commercial mold remover. Apply the solution to the affected areas and scrub with a stiff brush. Finally, rinse the deck with clean water and let it dry completely.Step 2. You’ll have to make a mixture of 1 teaspoon of mild liquid soap and a gallon of warm water in this step. Then, gently wipe off the surface for any tough stain or dirt with the water on a sponge or clean cloth. Also, remember to keep rinsing the cloth or sponge in the water while whipping.Oct 22, 2020 · Prepare the solution by adding one cup of bleach into a bucket that contains about a gallon of warm water. Then proceed to scrub the mold vigorously with a stiff-bristled brush you’ve dipped in ... Step 1: Sunlight Kills Mold Fast. Find a nice sunny spot for your firewood pile. You want to store the wood close enough to the house so it’s easy to get in the winter and far enough away to keep ants, termites and other insects away from your house. I usually look for a spot at least 20ft away from my door.Limitations of Using Alcohol for Mold Remediation: While alcohol can be effective in killing mold on hard, non-porous surfaces, it may not be as effective on porous materials like wood, drywall, and fabrics. Mold can grow deep into these porous materials, making it challenging for alcohol to reach and completely eliminate the mold.Scrub the surface mold stains from walls and wood trim with a mixture of 1 qt. water and 1/2 cup bleach mold cleaner to kill the mold. Use a soft brush and work until signs of the mold disappear. After scrubbing the surfaces, simply allow the bleach solution to continue to penetrate the surfaces and dry.Use Chlorine Bleach for Tough Mold Stains. If the mold is extremely heavy and has left stains after using vinegar, it's time for a stronger solution. This solution should also be used on areas of …Mold is commonly found on concrete basement floors. Typically, you’ll see a fuzzy, white mold growing on the surface of your concrete due to moisture rising from the wet ground. Most times, the mold grows after prolonged dampness or flooding. You can easily identify it by its characteristic white cottony mycelium.There are a few things that you can use to kill mold instantly on wood. One of the best things that you can use is bleach. Bleach will kill mold quickly and it will also disinfect the area. You can also use vinegar to kill mold. Vinegar is a natural disinfectant and it’s very effective at killing mold. However, it’s important to dilute the ...To remove black mold from hard surfaces, follow these steps: Combine 1 part bleach with 2 parts water in a spray bottle and spritz the affected area. Let the solution sit for 10 minutes. The mold should start to fade away on its own, but if areas of stubborn mold remain, use a coarse brush (for larger areas) or old toothbrush (for smaller areas ... When used properly, Lysol can kill mold on hard surfaces, leaving them clean and free of potentially harmful spores. Limitations of Lysol on Porous Surfaces. While Lysol is effective in killing mold on non-porous surfaces, it struggles to penetrate porous materials, such as wood, drywall, and fabrics. Did you know Concrobium can also be used to pre-treat wood? Use Concrobium during construction and renovation projects to prevent mold growth even before it ...Step 2: Use a vacuum to suck up all the minuscule particles from the mold. Step 3: Spray the vinegar on the wood studs and make sure to completely cover the surface and saturate it. Step 4: Let the vinegar sit for at least 45 minutes to an hour. Step 5: Taking a stainless-steel scrub sponge, begin scrubbing the wood clean.First, clean the area with a mild dish soap and water using a sponge and gentle pressure. In a spray bottle, mix equal parts of white vinegar and water. Apply …When used properly, Lysol can kill mold on hard surfaces, leaving them clean and free of potentially harmful spores. Limitations of Lysol on Porous Surfaces. While Lysol is effective in killing mold on non-porous surfaces, it struggles to penetrate porous materials, such as wood, drywall, and fabrics.Sep 25, 2020 ... Instructions · Pour the vinegar into a spray bottle · Spray the moldy areas liberally with the vinegar. Make sure it really soaks in. · Use a&...Step 2. You’ll have to make a mixture of 1 teaspoon of mild liquid soap and a gallon of warm water in this step. Then, gently wipe off the surface for any tough stain or dirt with the water on a sponge or clean cloth. Also, remember to keep rinsing the cloth or sponge in the water while whipping.Apr 21, 2023 ... What are natural remedies for removing mold? ... If you're looking for a natural solution to remove mold, hydrogen peroxide and vinegar are two ...Scrub the surface mold stains from walls and wood trim with a mixture of one quart water and 1/2-cup bleach mold cleaner to kill the mold. Use a soft brush and work until signs of the mold disappear. After scrubbing the surfaces, allow the bleach solution to continue to penetrate the surfaces and dry.Sep 30, 2023 · Tools Required in Removing Wood Mold. N95 or N100 air mask; Safety goggles; Rubber gloves; Overalls; Vacuum cleaner; Soft brush; Spray bottle; Sponge; 100-grit sandpaper; Soft cloth; Mold Treatment for Wood: Wood Mold Cleaner Options. There are many ways of getting rid of wood mold, including natural and chemical agents. Aug 22, 2017 ... If you're sure it isn't toxic, you can scrub with a solution of one cup of bleach to one gallon of water. If mold has infected your wood, scrub ...Limitations of Using Alcohol for Mold Remediation: While alcohol can be effective in killing mold on hard, non-porous surfaces, it may not be as effective on porous materials like wood, drywall, and fabrics. Mold can grow deep into these porous materials, making it challenging for alcohol to reach and completely eliminate the mold.The How to Kill Mold on Drywall, Wood, Carpet, Tiles and Grout page also provides instructions for removing mold from specific materials. The Mold Remediation page gives a step by step guide to remediating large mold problems. It covers protective equipment, spore containment, killing the mold, preventing the mold's return, mold disposal and ...Jan 28, 2018 · The borax will prevent the mold from returning and inhibit the growth of new mold spores. *If you prefer, the borax and water solution can be poured into a glass spray bottle. Or, to avoid supplying excess moisture to the more porous materials affected by mold, such as dry wall or unfinished wood, a paste can be made by adding less water to the ... Because mold produces allergens and irritants, it can lead to a number of symptoms that are problematic for those who are sensitive to mold exposure. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection ... Spray undiluted white vinegar on the moldy surface and let it sit for an hour. Rinely thoroughly and allow the area to dry. Baking Soda: Add a quarter of a tablespoon of baking soda to a spray bottle of water. Shake the bottle to dissolve the baking soda, then spray the moldy area. Black mold can be a serious issue in homes and can pose health risks to those living in affected spaces. Many homeowners turn to vinegar as a natural and cost-effective solution fo...Learn how to remove attic mold and what causes it to grow. Attics are one of the most common areas of mold growth in the home. Attics tend to have the perfect conditions for mold growth (hot, humid, and an abundant food source from the wood sheathing). Furthermore, most homeowners don’t ever go up in their attic, so the mold …Scrub the surface mold stains from walls and wood trim with a mixture of 1 qt. water and 1/2 cup bleach mold cleaner to kill the mold. Use a soft brush and work until signs of the mold disappear. After scrubbing the surfaces, simply allow the bleach solution to continue to penetrate the surfaces and dry.Instructions. Start by mixing on tablespoon of baking soda to a bottle of water. Shake the bottle to dissolve the baking soda into the water. Spray the baking soda-water solution directly onto the moldy area. DO NOT spray the solution onto a cloth or sponge and wipe the are. This will only send spores airborne allowing them to move throughout ...Some say that ozone kills mold spores but does not denature the toxins (EHC). These two studies show it can denature the toxins.. Other studies show that ozone reduces airborne mold spores (), inhibits mold growth (2, 3, 4), and is a viable decontamination method for mold in buildings ().Based on these studies, and the experience of me and …
Mixing Instructions. Add 1 cup of white distilled vinegar and 1 cup water to a spray bottle. Add 10-15 drops of tea tree oil (start with 10 if you‘re scent sensitive) Secure the top and shake vigorously to fully mix. Lightly spray over any moldy surfaces until completely coated.. 6movies..net
Besides killing mold on wood, it will also remove bad odors. White vinegar is a mild natural acid that can kill more than 80% of molds, and best of all, it is non-toxic. White vinegar is widely available and it is inexpensive. Spraying white vinegar on a surface and leaving it to dry can prevent mold from growing on it, though you may have to ...Simply mix 1 tablespoon of borax into 1 cup of water and apply it liberally to the moldy wood for deeper soaking. Then scrub away the mold and dry the cleaned surface. Alternatively, mix ammonia and water in a 1:4 ratio and follow the same steps as the borax solution to remove the mold. If you're tempted to use bleach, steer clear of it, …Mold growth on wood surfaces can be a common problem in many households. If not addressed properly, it can lead to structural damage and pose health risks. When it comes to cleanin...Rust-Oleum 2004 Zinsser Bulls Eye 1-2-3 Primer. There is no doubt as to why Rust-Oleum 2004 Zinsser Bulls Eye 1-2-3 Primer is among the best mold killing primers. This outstanding product acts excellently as wood, concrete, glass, plaster, metal, or even a tile primer. The 2004 Zinsser eliminates the need to sand since it can stick to …Step 4: Clean off the Mold With Soap and Warm Water. If the wood is painted or finished, it is best to use a mixture of water and liquid detergent to clean the moldy area. Use a soft-bristled scrub brush in cleaning the affected area. Make sure not to overdo the brushing unless you want to refinish the surface.Fix any leaks in your home’s roof, walls, or plumbing so mold does not have moisture to grow. Clean up and dry out your home fully and quickly (within 24–48 hours) after a flood. Add mold inhibitors to paints before painting. You can buy mold inhibitors at paint and home improvement stores. Clean bathrooms with mold-killing products.The key to cleaning black mold is to pick one cleaner and stick with it. Mixing cleaners, such as bleach and ammonia, can cause adverse chemical reactions. Never use bleach or hydrogen peroxide when removing mold from upholstery. 1 cup bleach mixed with one gallon of water. 1 teaspoon tea tree oil and 1 cup of water.Did you know Concrobium can also be used to pre-treat wood? Use Concrobium during construction and renovation projects to prevent mold growth even before it ...Oct 26, 2023 · Next, prepare a spray bottle of vinegar, dishwashing soap, and water. Spray on the affected area, allow it to sit for 10 minutes, and wipe with a cloth. This will kill any live mold before it spreads. 3. Rinse Area. Wipe the area with a clean, wet cloth to remove any solution once the mold is gone. 4. Effective. Vinegar is effective in killing mold on non-porous surfaces like glass, tiles, and metal. Porous surfaces (wood, drywall, carpet) Limited. Vinegar may not fully penetrate porous materials, which can result in mold regrowth. Professional remediation may be necessary for severe mold issues. Air conditioners.Feb 16, 2024 · To kill mold with vinegar, pour undiluted vinegar into a spray bottle and spray the moldy area directly. Allow the vinegar to sit for up to one hour. Wipe the area clean with a damp towel and allow the wood to air dry. The smell of vinegar will linger on the wood for several hours but will dissipate naturally. It’s not as effective at killing mold on porous materials (such as wood and drywall), which absorb moisture and allow mold to penetrate underneath the surface. When using bleach, the CDC recommends using a diluted solution of no more than 1 cup of household bleach (5-6% sodium hypochlorite) mixed in with 1 gallon of water.Dec 6, 2023 · Step 4: Clean off the Mold With Soap and Warm Water. If the wood is painted or finished, it is best to use a mixture of water and liquid detergent to clean the moldy area. Use a soft-bristled scrub brush in cleaning the affected area. Make sure not to overdo the brushing unless you want to refinish the surface. .